Secular culture often advocates for the liberation of human libido and views Christian morality as a source of damaging restrictions. However, closer examination of Church teaching reveals a depth of understanding of human nature not found in contemporary secular culture. One Church father in particular, St. Augustine, offers a keen understanding of human sexuality and its importance not only as a means of promulgating the human race but also as a means of fostering the sort of spousal unity that improves (...) life in general. Studies of neurochemistry seem to confirm much of what Augustine claimed about human sexuality over fifteen hundred years ago. (shrink)

Moral psychologists have recently turned their attention to the study of folk metaethical beliefs. We report the results of a cross-cultural study using Chinese, Polish and Ecuadorian participants that seeks to advance this line of investigation. Individuals in all three demographic groups were observed to attribute objectivity to ethical statements in very similar patterns. Differences in participants’ strength of opinion about an issue, the level of societal agreement or disagreement about an issue, and participants’ age were found to significantly affect (...) their inclination to view the truth of an ethical statement as a matter of objective fact. Implications for theorizing about folk morality are discussed. (shrink)

Ethical principles are fundamental for the exercise of any profession. Portuguese psychologists have waited for 30 years for professional validation. This paper will define the Portuguese psychologists’ ethical principles, with a universal view as a starting point and then an adaptation to the cultural and professional reality in Portugal. The level of acceptability of these principles will be ascertained in a later paper.

This book reprints a wide variety of articles and speeches for the first time since they appeared in Spanish and foreign journals and in clandestine broadsheets from France. Some censored material has been restored.

One thousand four-hundred thirty Portuguese psychologists answered a questionnaire that had been designed in order to ascertain the level of acceptability of a set of proposed ethical principles, which subsequently served as a basis for the Portuguese Psychologists’ Ethics Code. On the one hand, the results show that, as expected, the ethical principles rated high on the evaluation scale. On the other hand, the results also highlighted the need for a formal regulation of the practice of psychology in Portugal, especially (...) in view of participants’ noticeable failure to recognize the importance of the principle of professional integrity. The responsibility of psychologists in modern societies is huge. As such, the large number of different training programs in Portugal, and the implied lack of a strong professional identity, is a cause of concern. The creation of a professional association allows an external identification of the profession in terms of aims and methods. The main goal of such an association is to promote public trust and enhance public demand. The results also indicate that training and experience lead to a higher valorization of ethical principles, and this is an insight that will be of great importance to the professional practice of psychology. (shrink)

El estudio gira en torno a una experiencia educativa llevada a cabo en un colegio con diez estudiantes de Educación Infantil (entre cinco y seis años) en Asturias (España) y el aprendizaje de la Prehistoria. Mediante una metodología participativa, experiencial y basada en la investigación se analiza su evolución en el aprendizaje de los contenidos específicos de la evolución de los homínidos y el desarrollo de su pensamiento narrativo para reconstruir su propio discurso, haciendo hincapié en los operadores temporales (secuenciación/sucesión, (...) simultaneidad, duración/ritmo, orientación temporal, periodización y, permanencia, cambios y consecuencias). Para ello, se realiza una investigación de naturaleza cualitativa mediante la observación participante durante el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y la secuenciación de imágenes acompañadas de entrevistas que capta unas capacidades embrionarias. (shrink)

A través del personaje Agnes de la novela La inmortalidad de Milán Kundera, se hace una reflexión acerca de la singularidad en el mundo contemporáneo, singularidad que se halla invadida por los imagólogos, los medios masivos de comunicación y los lugares comunes que estos fenómenos provocan. La reflexión se acercará al personaje como símbolo de una singularidad en peligro y como posibilidad estética de resistencia a través de un derrumbamiento como posibilidad singular.

Este artículo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación de la Maestría en Filosofía Latinoamericana, Bartolomé de Las Casas: Recepción de la filosofía analítica en Colombia y Latinoamérica de la Universidad Santo Tomás. Inicialmente fue redactado en inglés: The Quest for the Numbers: An Approach to Frege’s Philosophy, cuyo trabajo pretende acercarse al fundamento de la obra fregeana como hito fundamental del pensamiento filosófico; asimismo, desarrolla en detalle los temas y puntos más relevantes de su sistema de pensamiento. A partir (...) de un análisis del proyecto logicista, es decir, la búsqueda de una reducción de la matemática a la lógica, se demuestran las fuertes influencias del pensamiento de Frege en todas las ramas de la filosofía contemporánea. La comprensión de la filosofía de Frege entonces constituye un paso fundamental, para tener un horizonte acerca de las problemáticas de la filosofía en la actualidad y, asimismo, un fundamento o propedéutica para el desarrollo de un pensamiento latinoamericano maduro en diálogo con la tradición. (shrink)

Arete is ten years old. It is, to be sure, a modest anniversary, which nonetheless gives us the opportunity for an academic celebration. It iswith this intention that we decided, almost two years ago, to prepare a special volume dedicated to explaining, from different points of view, the notion that gives our journal its name: the notion of arete. We invited our usual collaborators and friends, and other philosophers who have dedicated part of their work to studying the origins or (...) repercussions of that notion in the history of philosophy. (shrink)

Lévinas is one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century and, perhaps, the philosopher who has attempted to think of difference most seriously. In this effort, he encountered the limits of language itself, as well as the difficulties it poses for thinking the other, difference, outside the ..

En las respuestas a siete preguntas resume el autor lo esencial del pensamiento filosófico y religioso del Islam: Cuándo empieza y acaba la Falsafa ; cuál fue la aportación de Avicena; si la religión islámica incluye la unión mística; las dificultades para entender a Ibn Jaldún; si el Islam es otra forma de razón.In the answer to seven questions, the author resumes what is essential in the philosophical and religious thought of Islam: When the Falsafa begins and ends; what was (...) Avicena's contribution; the question whether Islamic religion includes the mystical union; the difficulties to understand lbn Jaldún; whether Islam is another species of reason. (shrink)

O tema deste artigo são as relações entre mídia e cultura, através do conflito simbólico que se instala a partir de um blow up: a torcedora Patrícia Moreira, em 2014, no jogo entre Grêmio e Santos, gritando a palavra 'ma-ca-co'. Esse tema é construído enquanto circulação midiática. Esse objeto, amplo e diversificado, é aqui abordado em torno de uma questão específica: a incerteza nos processos midiáticos. A metodologia é de análise das interações entre atores, instituições midiáticas e midiatizadas, configurando um (...) ambiente-circuito imprevisível. A proposição é que os dilemas e impasses sócio-antropológicos não são apenas atualizados nos processos midiáticos, mas são também transformados pelo contato entre territórios antes estabilizados. A instabilidade nas interações é sugerida como núcleo ativador do processo circulatório. (shrink)

Existe-t-il une hypothèse de la servitude volontaire chez Spinoza? En partant des tensions qui naissent de l’apparente contradiction entre une telle hypothèse et l’anthropologie spinoziste, le présent article montre qu’il existe bien chez l’auteur du Traité théologico-politique des conditions politiques qui conduisent à l’inversion du conatus, au point de pousser les hommes à combattre « pour leur servitude comme s’il s’agissait de leur salut ». Spinoza tempère l’hypothèse laboétienne : un individu ou un peuple ne saurait de lui-même désirer la (...) servitude, mais peut y être conduit sous l’effet de l’adoption d’une certaine politique ou institution. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de la crainte favorisée par le régime monarchique. La fondation de la République des Hébreux, après la sortie d’Égypte du peuple juif, pose également la question de la servitude volontaire. La pensée spinoziste, ce faisant, témoigne d’un rationalisme politique inquiet, dont on peut s’inspirer aujourd’hui pour réfléchir sur les « causes extérieures cachées » qui peuvent fragiliser, voire contredire, le désir de liberté. (shrink)

The main purpose of this dissertation is to apply and develop new forcing techniques to obtain models where several cardinal characteristics are pairwise different as well as force many (even more, continuum many) different values of cardinal characteristics that are parametrized by reals. In particular, we look at cardinal characteristics associated with strong measure zero, Yorioka ideals, and localization and anti-localization cardinals.In this thesis we introduce the property “F-linked” of subsets of posets for a given free filter F on the (...) natural numbers, and define the properties “ $\mu $ -F-linked” and “ $\theta $ -F-Knaster” for posets in a natural way. We show that $\theta $ -F-Knaster posets preserve strong types of unbounded families and of maximal almost disjoint families. These kinds of posets led to the development of a general technique to construct $\theta $ - $\textrm {Fr}$ -Knaster posets (where $\textrm {Fr}$ is the Frechet ideal) via matrix iterations of ${<}\theta $ -ultrafilter-linked posets (restricted to some level of the matrix). The latter technique allows proving consistency results about Cichoń’s diagram (without using large cardinals) and to prove the consistency of the fact that, for each Yorioka ideal, the four cardinal characteristics associated with it are pairwise different. Another important application is to show that three strongly compact cardinals are enough to force that Cichoń’s diagram can be separated into 10 different values. Later on, it was shown by Goldstern, Kellner, Mejía, and Shelah that no large cardinals are needed for Cichoń’s maximum (J. Eur. Math. Soc. 24 (2022), no. 11, p. 3951–3967).On the other hand, we deal with certain types of tree forcings including Sacks forcing, and show that these increase the covering of the strong measure zero ideal $\mathcal {SN}$. As a consequence, in Sacks model, such covering number is equal to the size of the continuum, which indicates that this covering number is consistently larger than any other classical cardinal characteristics of the continuum. Even more, Sacks forcing can be used to force that $\operatorname {\mathrm{non}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cov}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$, which is the first consistency result where more than two cardinal characteristics associated with $\mathcal {SN}$ are pairwise different. To obtain another result in this direction, we provide bounds for $\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$, which generalizes Yorioka’s characterization of $\mathcal {SN}$ (J. Symbolic Logic 67.4 (2002), p. 1373–1384). As a consequence, we get the consistency of $\operatorname {\mathrm{add}}(\mathcal {SN})=\operatorname {\mathrm{cov}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{non}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$ with ZFC (via a matrix iteration forcing construction).We conclude this thesis by combining creature forcing approaches by Kellner and Shelah (Arch. Math. Logic 51.1–2 (2012), p. 49–70) and by Fischer, Goldstern, Kellner, and Shelah (Arch. Math. Logic 56.7–8 (2017), p. 1045–1103) to show that, under CH, there is a proper $\omega ^\omega $ -bounding poset with $\aleph _2$ -cc that forces continuum many pairwise different cardinal characteristics, parametrized by reals, for each one of the following six types: uniformity and covering numbers of Yorioka ideals as well as both kinds of localization and anti-localization cardinals, respectively. This answers several open questions from Klausner and Mejía (Arch. Math. Logic 61 (2022), pp. 653–683).Abstract prepared by Miguel Antonio Cardona-MontoyaE-mail: miguel[email protected]: https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/19629. (shrink)

Este trabajo indaga la dimensión poética del testimonio en situaciones donde el agravio se encuentra tejido entre discursos impulsados por aspiraciones democráticas y dinámicas destructivas de la diversidad lingüística y cultural. A partir de la documentación del caso de Inés Fernández Ortega y etnografías en La Casa de los Saberes, Gúwa Kúma, se abordarán las prácticas de cuidado, los discursos de verdad y resistencia ante los mecanismos de reproducción social, política y cultural generados por la transición partidista en México y (...) el militarismo diseminado como reflujo de la violencia. En este marco la plasticidad, el testimonio no se encuentra solo y únicamente en marcos lingüísticos y ostensibles, que se despliegan con pretensiones de persuasión y de una verdad aceptada de manera lógica racional, sino se instala de manera dinámica, clandestina y eventual desde expresiones corporales múltiples, contra normativas que dinamizan vínculos inesperados y afectividades alternativas que atestan formas de habitar la tierra desde la vulnerabilidad sin daño, la comunalidad sin explotación y el cuidado sin condiciones. (shrink)

The semantic method of extension and intension presented by Rudolf Carnap may have some problems from the current perspective in cognitive science. For example, that method is strongly linked to logic, and it is hard to determine where its state-descriptions come from, how many they are, and what the relation of accessibility between them is. This paper tries to solve difficulties such as those by updating the method resorting to the theses and results of a contemporary reasoning theory: the theory (...) of mental models. Basically, the update consists of replacing the state-descriptions of the original method with the possibilities of the theory of mental models. That allows reformulating several relevant concepts in Carnap’s method in order to better adjust them to the real characteristics of human language. (shrink)

El propósito de este escrito es el análisis de las estructuras organizacionales inherentes a las instituciones de educación superior desde un marco conceptual específico: la complejidad. El escrito se estructura en torno a la delimitación de algunas tensiones que descubren los principales nodos de discusión sobre las organizaciones universitarias, siempre desde un enfoque complejo. El objetivo es validar argumentos desde la teoría como vector de análisis, de modo que su lectura pueda producir una suerte de heurística sobre el tema.

An arithmetical language, whose words are natural numbers written in hexadecimal numeration system, is defined and its applications for the representation, analysis and decision of formulae of some logical and normative systems are described and illustrated.The formulae, operations and relations of the represented system are associated as follows respectively to the numbers and the arithmetical operations and relations of the proposed language:1. Each well-formed-formula of the system is associated to a number of a set of natural numbers between zero (associated (...) to all tautologies and theses) and the binary supremum Φ of the set (Φ is associated to all contradictions and antitheses and his value is 2n-1, n depending on system’s dimensions and structure).2. Negation of a formula and disjonction and conjonction of t wo other more formulae of the system are associated respectively to the binary complement Φ-N(f) of the number associated to the first and to the binary infimun and supremum of the numbers associated to the last.3. The logical relations “f1 implies f2” (f1 -> f2), “f1 is incompat.ible with f2” (f1|f2), “f1 is the contradictory opposite of f2” (f1wf2) and “f1 is alternative to f2” (f1vf2) are true in the represented system if and only if the associated arithmetical relations, respectively “N(f1) absorbs arithmetically N(f2)”, “binary supremum of N(f1) and N(f2) is equal to Φ”, “sum of of N(f1) and N(f2) is equal to Φ” and “binary infimum of N(f1) and N(f2) is equal to 0”, are true.The applications of the proposed arithmetical language as very rapid and simplified tool of analysis and decision method are shown for the following systems: propositional logic, syllogistic, some deontic and alethic modal systems and some normative systems of statutory law:1. In the propositional logic, after fixing the maximum of variables considered, the numbers associated to these variables and to the contradictions are calculated. On this permanent basis, the evaluation of a farmula (especially in the case of many occurrences of many variables) is performed by the calculation of the associated number faster as in the traditional way.2. In the syllogistic, after the calculation of the number associated to each type of premise or conclusion, an arithmetical table of syllogisms shows that a proposed syllogism is valid if and only if the binary supremum of the numbers associated to the premises absorbs arithmetically the number associated to the conclusion. It is well-known that the search of this sort of arithmetization of syllogistic and the study of its possibilitiy has been a recurrent topic in modern logic, from Leibniz to Łukasiewicz and to-day.3. In a deontic equivalent:ial system who includes Von Wright’s deontic system of 1982 far norms of the first order, the calculation of the numbers associated to an types of permission and obligation sentences allows the im mediate arithmetical verification of an the classical relations between those sentences. The same is shown for an alethic modal system including the modlities of the first order of Lewis’s S5.4. For normative systems of statutory law, the arithmetical verification of the logical and normative relations is shown in precedent author’s papers -especially in recent “The ‘Ars Judicandi.’ Programme”-, though not yet in hexadecimal numeration system but only in binary and decimal ones.In all the represented systems, the arithmetical verification of the metalogical properties of the system -consistency and completeness- is performed in a very easy and rapid manner, after the arithmetic representation of the axiomatic basis of the latter by a system of equations. (shrink)

La problematización de la pobreza, la criminalización, encierro, reclusión y disciplinamiento de los pobres constituyen factores fundamentales para poder explicar con éxito el nacimiento del primer capitalismo. En este artículo queremos mostrar de qué forma la pobreza, que durante toda la Edad Media había sido naturalizada como una parte más de un orden divino, se convierte, a partir del siglo XVI, en una cuestión problemática que protagoniza apasionados debates. En esta nueva problematización de la pobreza encontraremos los mimbres con los (...) que posteriormente se tejerá toda una tupida red punitiva y disciplinaria que tendrá como propósito la creación de un ejército de trabajadores sumisos en condiciones de miseria. (shrink)

El proyecto educativo nacional busca establecer una cultura democrática, integral e inclusiva que aborde los problemas estructu­rales que el país padece, tal y como lo afirma y promueve la Nueva Escuela Mexicana (NEM). Sin embargo, las estrategias educativas reproducen discursos hegemónicos, así como marcos de comprensión y valoración normativos que consolidan las violencias estructurales que asedian los cuerpos y los territorios. A partir de la participación observante en el eje de escuelas en las brigadas nacionales de bús­queda de personas desaparecidas (...) en México se plantea un análisis crítico de la educación formal desde una pedagogía ante la desaparición, que abre posibilidades para una educación ante las víctimas de graves violaciones a los derechos humanos, como atestiguan las personas en situación de desaparición forzada. Este planteamiento ofrece alternativas a los marcos de normalización de la violencia, la precarización y el desprecio de sectores vulnerados de manera sistemática. Desde tales coordenadas, el texto se ubica desde la fi­losofía de la educación interseccional, en clave anamnénica, como herramienta de restauración de situaciones históricas tensadas por la violencia y como dispositivo que favorece la construcción de una cultura de la paz. (shrink)